Major factors in the social environment Essay

1.Identify and explain the Pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility. Provide several examples of each ‘layer’ of the pyramid. Identify and discuss some of the tensions among the layers or components. PELE 2. In your review, what is the single strongest argument against the idea of corporate social responsibility? What is the single strongest argument for corporate social responsibility? Briefly explain 3. Differentiate between corporate social responsibility and corporate social responsiveness. Give an example of each. How does corporate social performance relate to these terms? Where does corporate citizenship fit in? 4. Analyse how the triple bottom-line and the Pyramid of CSR are similar and different. Draw a schematic that shows how the two concepts relate to one another. Chapter 3 & 4 1. Explain the concepts of stake and stakeholder from your perspective as an individual. What kinds of stakes and stakeholders do you have? Discuss. 2. Explain in your own words the differences between the production, managerial and stakeholder views of the firm. 3. Differentiate between primary and secondary social and nonsocial stakeholders in a business situation. Give examples of each. 4. How is effective stakeholder management related to sustainability and sustainable development on the part of the companies? 5. How can a firm transition from Level 1 to Level 3 of stakeholder management capability (SMC)? Is the stakeholder corporation a realistic model for business firms? Will stakeholder corporations become more prevalent in the 21st century? Why or why not? 6. Explain the evolution of corporate governance. What problems developed? What are the current trends? 7. What are the major criticisms of boards of directors? Which single criticism do you find to be the most important? Why? 8. Explain how governance failures such as Enron could happen. How might they be avoided? 9. Outline the major suggestions that have been set forth for improving corporate governance. In your opinion, which suggestions are the most important? Why? 10. In what ways have companies taken the initiative in becoming more responsive to owners/stakeholders? Where would you like to see more improvement? Discuss. Chapter 5 1. Explain the relationship between corporate public policy and strategic management. 2. Which of the four strategy levels is most concerned with social, ethical, or public issues? Discuss the characteristics of this level. 3. Identify the steps involved in the strategic management process. 4. What is the difference between a social audit and a social performance report? Why are social performance reports increasing in popularity? 5. What is the difference between public relations and public affairs? Why has there been confusion regarding these two concepts? 6. Why do you think global public affairs is a major growth area? Give specific reasons for your answer. 7. Differentiate between a collaborative or problem-solving strategy and an individualistic or adversarial strategy. Which seems to be more effective in corporate public affairs? 8. What are the major ways in which public affairs might be incorporated into every manager’s job? Rank them in terms of what you think their impact might be. Chapter 6 1. Which of the major stages in the issues management process do you think is the most important? Why? 2. Following the approach indicated in Figure 6-1, identify a new issue category not listed in Figure 6-1. Identify several examples of â€Å"crises† that have occurred in recent years under each issue category. 3. Identify one example, other than those listed in Figure 6-4, of each of the leading force categories: events, authorities/advocates, literature, organizations, and political jurisdictions. 4. Identify a crisis that has occurred in your life or in the life of someone you know, and briefly explain it in terms of the four crisis stages: prodromal, acute, chronic, and resolution. 5. Do research on the impacts on business organizations of the attacks on the World Trade Center in New York and the scandals of the early to mid-2000s. What have been successful and unsuccessful examples of crisis management that have come out of this research? Is terrorism a likely crisis for which business may prepare? How does preparation for terrorism (which comes from without) compare with preparation for ethical scandals (which come from within)? Chapter 7 1. Give a definition of ethical business behavior, explain the components involved in making ethical decisions, and give an example from your personal experience of the difficulties involved in making these determinations. 2. To demonstrate that you understand the three models of management ethics-moral, immoral, and amoral-give an example, from your personal experience, of each type. Do you agree that amorality is a serious problem? Explain. 3. Give examples, from your personal experience, of Kohlberg’s Levels 1, 2, and 3.If you do not think Chapter 7 Business Ethics Fundamentals 221 you have ever gotten to Level 3, give an example of what it might be like. 4. Compare your motivations to behave ethically with those listed in Figure 7-14. Do the reasons given in that figure agree with your personal assessment? Discuss the similarities and differences between Figure 7-14 and your personal assessment. 5. From your personal experience, give an example of a situation you have faced that would require one of the six elements of moral judgment. Chapter 15 1. What is sustainability? 2. What are several of the most important environmental issues now receiving worldwide attention? 3. What are some of the causes of environmental pollution and depletion? 4. What is the future outlook for the natural environment? 5. Who has responsibility for addressing environmental issues? 6. How can ethics be applied in response to environmental issues? 7. What are some examples of sustainable business and decision models for addressing environ_ mental concerns? 8. Should businesses and societies continue to focus on unlimited economic growth? Chapter 16 1. Outline the essential steps involved in developing a community action program.

French Culture and Its Influence on Multinational Enterprises

Abstract When conducting business in France there are many challenges to overcome, including the ethnocentrism of their cultural heritage and the long line of historical principles that play out in French society. Through research it was found that the French approach business in a style of-their-own with true class and flare. They set the stage with an extravagant business lunch, in order to get acquainted and then proceed into intellectual negotiations to iron out the details. In each area, it was found that the French are proud and hold true to protocols by exchanging formal greetings. Lunch plays an important part of their society and business, along with stimulating conversation in negotiations. One must plan ahead and enjoy the French experience! French Culture and its Influence on Multinational Enterprises The Business Lunch Negotiations Conclusion The French are very aware of their presence, and are extremely proud of their heritage. They boast of their long history and their important roles in world affairs, as well as being known as a world center for culture. There are a few significant principles by which the French approach a business lunch and negotiations, along with a myriad nuances that can be difficult to understand without having experienced them first hand. The most basic rules are to speak French or apologize for not speaking it well, be prepared to indulge in good food and good wine. After coffee is served, be prepared for a sophisticated, rhetorical and intellectual exchange during the negotiation process. Remember, before conducting business in France, it is highly advisable to do your homework and learn about French culture before one commits the famous â€Å"Faux Pau†! References Business in America (1991). Tradition plays an important role in the business culture of France. Retrieved July 10, 2009, from http://findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_m1052/is_n9_v112/ai_10737696/? tag=content;col1 Frank, Sergey (2000, September 12). Enjoy a battle of wits – and lunch: When doing business in France, take a polite and intellectual approach – preferably in French, says Sergey Frank: [London edition].

Beazer Homes Case

Investors were lead to believe that the company financials were healthier than they actually were, as evidenced by the changes noted when the financial statements had to be restated. As a result of doing this, investors who were under the impression of a healthier position, continued to invest in an organization that was essentially doing nothing more than stealing their money; money which could have been invested into a different enterprise rather than padding the pockets of executives that didnt earn it. As a result of having to restate financial statements, the per share price of Beazer Homes dropped from the $35/share price level in may, to approximately $11/share by the end of July. This is a significant loss in wealth for investors. In addition to the allegations against Mr. Rand for possible accounting fraud, allegations were also brought against Beazer Homes for mortgage fraud. To address the question as to which is a more serious offense, it would be our opinion that both would carry an equal weight of seriousness. On the one hand, investors were misled, as noted above, and this led to a significant loss of wealth for many, especially those individuals and/or institutions that may have held a large position. On the other hand, to address the issue of mortgage fraud, new homeowners were oftentimes cheated out of money that they paid to Beazer Homes. A example of this is when Beazer Homes would require purchasers to pay a fee for interest discount points at closing. Then Beazer Homes would keep the cash received and not lower the interest rate. This is just one example, but it can be an extremely costly one when you look at how much a . 25 percent or . 5 percent reduction in an interest rate can be over the life of a 20 or 30 year fixed rate mortgage; thats if Beazer Homes wasnt trying to convince people that an adjustable rate or hybrid mortgage would be better for their situation. Additionally, Beazer Homes ignored income requirements when making loans to unqualified purchasers, which not only put the purchaser in jeopardy of having the income needed to make their ayments, but in the event of default or foreclosure, it can have a significant impact on the home values of the neighborhood. As a result of these legal issues with Beazer Homes, the SEC issued a notice to the Beazer Homes CEO called the Wells notice. The Wells notice was created under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, which states that if a firm has to restate their financial statements, the SEC can require the CEO and CFO to return any and all bonuses that were received during the period of restated financial statements. Additionally, the CEO and CFO do not need to have any knowledge of errors. The SEC issued the Wells notice to the Beazer Homes CEO, Ian J. McCarthy, on 13 November 2009, indicating that the SEC would be brining a civil case against him to collect incentive compensation. In the notice issued to the CEO, there was no indication or allegations of cover-up, or misconduct, on the part of Mr. McCarthy with respect to the financial statements or other disclosures that were published during the period in question.

Sales Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sales Management - Essay Example The examples can be a deafening silence, beautiful ugly, constant variable etc. The use of oxymoron for sales ethics puts forward the meaning that sales and ethics are two opposite concepts. To explore this in detail, the phrase sales ethics is an oxymoron means that in sales there is no place for ethics. The sales persons cannot be ethical if they have to get their work done properly. The sales force has to maneuver facts, figures and details in order to sell their product and beat competition. The corporate race these days compels the companies and their sales representatives to speak positive about their product and make it appear larger than life in order to attract customer attention. In this era of increasing prices, fierce competition, the firms cannot add too much value to their products but are compelled to show a luring picture so that their sales graphs go up. These days it is all about graphs number and profits, goodwill, loyalty has taken a back seat. Having mentioned th e above general perception regarding sales and ethics, let us validate and form an opinion based on concepts and analysis. For centuries the great writers and philosophers have been trying to come up with the definition of ethics. The word ethics is a complex concept and its complexity is derived from the lack of a universal definition. Ethics is different for different people, what I believe to be ethical may be unethical for someone and vice versa. â€Å"Ethics, in fact, is all about fairness and equity, and a fine balancing act, the balancing treatment of the two parties involved, sharing of benefits and losses, and sharing of the good and bad consequences or misery imposed by calamities, natural events etc.† (Madhavan 2008, 4) The field of ethics is very subjective; it is a personalized value system and judgment that varies from person to person. It deals with a person’s emotional values along with the logical benchmark; anything below that line of ethics is unethi cal and wrong. But the fine line between being ethical and unethical has blurred over the years. More and more firms are entering into marketing gimmicks and tricks and trade of the sales games and calling it ethical because of its commonality. Having talked about personal or individual ethics let us now explore business ethics. In any organization the value and opinions are formed by the people working in it. How well an organization carries out its value and conveys it to its customers depends upon the conduct of its employees. â€Å"Business ethics is the study of business situation, activities, and decisions where issues of right and wrong are addressed.† (Crane and Matten 2007, 5) The firms need to establish a morally right and wrong criteria as an ethical value system in the organization. Every individual in the organization should work towards the good of the organization and individual selfish gains should be avoided for the firm and society to prosper in an ethical m anner. However, the real world of business posses several ethical confusions and issues to the sales force putting them into an ethical dilemma.†Anyone who wants to succeed in sales should be aware of the ethical issues that can arise. For a number of reasons, activities related to sales seem to have a greater frequency and level of ethical issues.†

Policy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Policy - Research Paper Example Additionally, the health and safety compliance policy should be monitored closely in all organizations because it is more likely than other compliance policies to cause a lot of problems. The health and safety officers ensure that organizations are able to resolve their health and safety issues, inspections are carried out on time and fewer accidents occur. The policy requires employers and employees to cooperate with the health and safety officers during inspections. To avoid the increase of accidents and other cases that are related to ill health among workers, an organization’s manager or the management team have to follow the health and safety control measures. According to Bohle and Quinlan, (2000), companies may have a positive or a negative impact on the environment. To avoid having a negative impact on the environment, Bohle and Quinlan, (2000) assert that regulatory control measures need to be part of an organization’s activities. A manager has to ensure that an organization has the right provisions to control new issues that are related to health and safety. A manager has to make sure that the control measures taken by employees can be implemented based on standards provided by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). The management team and all the staff members in an organization have to be engaged in day-to-day consultation between each other. These will be consultations on health and safety conditions at the company. It is crucial for an organization’s management team to supervise and provide ideas to employees on occupational health issues. Other management team members in an organization have to promote good working conditions and make sure that the machinery in a firm are regularly serviced (Stranks, 2010). To make sure that there are good working conditions, the management team has to embark on training activities which are beneficial to all

Interpersonal Conflict in Film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Interpersonal Conflict in Film - Essay Example Based on the movie presented, there were two identified sources of conflict. One of these conflicts is the people-focused conflicts and the other one is the informational deficiencies. People-focused conflicts were based on emotions and feelings and present an argument by means of personal attack (Hammond, 2011, n.p.). People-focused conflict was demonstrated on the film when Sarah attacked the personal integrity of Hitch as a date doctor, seeing Hitch’s job as a scam. People-focused conflict does not only center on the main characters since it is a movie dealing with emotions. In fact, people-focused conflicts were also observed on Albert’s confrontation with Hitch telling him that love was not Hitch’s life but his job; on Sarah’s best friend attacking the integrity of the unknown date doctor; on a newspaper vendor judging Albert as Allegra’s boyfriend; and on people in the story who judged Hitch’s personality. Actually, the movie projected a predominantly people-focused conflict against the main actor, making him the person to blame for all of the related conflicts.  On the other hand, informational deficiencies such as misinterpretation from different conclusions were observed. This was demonstrated on judging Hitch unfairly as a date doctor. His viewpoints about his work have been different from the understanding of society and interpersonal conflict arises because of misunderstanding.Effective Handling of Conflict  

Is Existentialism Nihilistic Why or Why Not Essay

Is Existentialism Nihilistic Why or Why Not - Essay Example It is always linked with extreme skepticism and pessimism that condemns existence. Existential nihilism is based on the belief that the world is meaningless and has no purpose in that all existence in it such as pain or feelings are senseless. Therefore, existential nihilists such as Camus and Nietzsche regards feelings and thoughts as merely influence of prior causes (McBride 89). In a more elaborate sense, free will is denied. Further, they argue that existentialism is nihilistic because they believe that on this world, misery and suffering has dominated over pleasure while happiness has been elusive thus leaving mankind with the option of suicide as the only course to take. Existentialism can be said to be nihilism because it presents human life as ultimately meaningless and trivial. Friedrich Nietzsche argued that forceful effects will eventually destroy all religious, metaphysical beliefs, morals and accelerate the greatest crisis in history of human beings. Other existentialism nihilists such as Camus and Soren Kierkegaard argued that individuals had the responsibility of giving meaning to their lives despite of many struggles and distractions such as alienation, boredom, despair and absurdity (Cox 27). According to Nietzsche, there is no objective structure or order in the universe or world except that the order human beings give it. In addition, he argued that all values have no meaning and that human rationality is impotent. In this manner, he meant that every human belief is not true because there is no true or real world. Therefore, he proposes that in order for the world to exist, nihilism should be destroyed. Nietzsche argues that existential nihilism is absolute in that further scrutiny shows that highest values eventually devalues themselves. Inevitably, existential nihilism will present all loved and cherished convictions and truth as valueless. Therefore, such lack or collapse of relevance meaning and value of life will be the most destructive power or force in history, comprising a total assault on truth and nothing less than the crisis of humanity. Nietzsche analysis was real and accurate in that studies conducted on some cultures depicts some patterns of nihilism which shows some features of collapsing civilizations (McBride 57). Existential nihilism has the convictions that the life has no meaning in this sense; it argues that the world has no purpose by stating that existence in itself such as suffering, feeling and all actions is ultimately empty and senseless. For instance, it is argued that existential nihilism is a form or another and that has part of western realm from the beginning. It states that the life of deaths or mortal is so mean a thing or form as to be virtually un-life. For example, embodies similar type of extreme pessimism linked with existential nihilism. In ancient times, such pessimism may have reached its peak with Hegesis due to the fact that miseries outnumber pleasures, happiness is not possi ble to attain, and therefore, the philosopher argues that the best thing to do is suicide. In his argument, Jean-Paul Sartre ponders that existence precedes essence whereby he rules out any platform for establishing an essential or significant self or human nature. When illusion is abandoned, life is recognized to us as nothing thus leading to nothing else but existential horror and emotional anguish. In addition, existential nihil

Creating the Constitution Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Creating the Constitution - Research Paper Example The bill of rights is a vital constituent of American law and the government. It symbolizes culture and freedom of the United States of America (Beeman,23). The first three articles of the constitution are important in the land. They outline the three branches of the government, and states a set of regulations and rules these branches must follow. This ensures smooth running of the federal government. The American constitution was refined from the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union. It was initially ratified by the nine states only. The final draft was then penned by Jacob Shallus. The penned draft is found and displayed in the Records of Administration and National Archives of Washington, D.C. Creation of American constitution was a long process. It was difficult to persuade the 13 states of America to ratify the constitution. The draft was based on the separation of powers, federalism and provision of checks and balances (Riemer, 55). The details of blue print of the new government under the new constitution and which bound all the American states were: The article I of the constitution provided for the functions and separation of the congressional powers. The legislation created here is bicameral. It also outlined the qualification for one to hold an office. It also set methods of selection both the senators and the representatives. It also stated powers such as declaring wars and regulating interstate commerce. Article II provided the power to the president of United States to execute laws. The article II also limited the president’s term to four years a maximum of two terms in office. It stated the mechanisms of removing the president from the office. The constitution also set the modest powers of the president. The powers include negotiator of foreign treaties, ambassadors’ appointment, judges and other high rank officers. The most important power vested on him is the power of being the commander-in chief of the armed forces.

Responses To Post Of Students Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Responses To Post Of Students - Essay Example Even if the questions are well formulated, where D&I fails in an organization, the people who should provide the most relevant information, those minority members most affected by discrimination, would not be expected to candidly divulge their true sentiments or reactions in the survey or interview. There is a compulsion to outwardly conform to the majority expectation in order to keep one's job, although what they feel and think is contrary to what they express. Only when D&I is effective and the underrepresented can feel free to express their honest opinions can such a survey be considered reliable. The situation, therefore, yields a reverse outcome that follows a convoluted logic – that is, where the results show negative comments on D&I effectiveness can it be said that D&I has actually been effective.The post does not say, however, what these baseline measures pertain to – whether it refers to increase in job satisfaction, added productivity, reduced operating cost , and so forth. The selection of appropriate measurements becomes more challenging when one considers that most of these attributes are normally and more significantly influenced by factors other than diversity and inclusion. For instance, increased manpower cost is typically related to rising salaries and wages. Much of the elements in diversity and inclusion efforts defy quantification, because of the difficulty of isolating the impact of specific measures, and the complete absence of a measurable component.

CSR for business managers, stakeholders and society Research Paper

CSR for business managers, stakeholders and society - Research Paper Example Therefore it is the duty of the companies to work in accordance with the interests of the community and environment. However, only few companies are strictly observing CSR in practice, even though most of the companies agree with CSR in principle. This paper analyses the reputation of Coca Cola in terms of corporate social responsibility. Description of the company Operating in more than 200 countries worldwide, the American company Coca cola is one among the largest soft drink manufacturers in the world at present. â€Å"In May, 1886, Coca Cola was invented by Doctor John Pemberton a pharmacist from Atlanta, Georgia. Today, products of the Coca Cola Company are consumed at the rate of more than one billion drinks per day† (Bellis). Even though PepsiCo is causing some serious challenges to Coca Cola in some part of the world, Coca Cola is able to maintain its superiority in most of the regions in the world. Issue Identification According to Jeff Seabright, The Coca-Cola Compan y's vice president of environment and water resources, â€Å"sustainability begins with the simple act of paying attention. You can't manage what you can't measure"(Making Sustainability the Real Thing). In other words, Coca Cola is well aware of the importance of concepts such as corporate social responsibility and sustainable development. However, the accusations against Coca Cola with respect to the violation of social responsibility are growing across the world. ... People from Kerala (India’s southernmost state) have recently conducted an agitation against the underwater exploitation by Coca Cola. Villagers near Plachimada, Kerala faced severe drinking water shortage because of Coca Cola’s uncontrolled underwater exploitation. Coca Cola forced to close down their plant at Plachimada because of the public agitation against them (EMJ). Significance of the Issue Drinking water shortage is one of the major problems facing by people all over the world. Because of injudicious farming activities and heavy industrialization, majority of the water resources such as rivers and streams were polluted in most parts of the world. As a result of that current generation is relying heavily on underwater resources for their drinking needs. Coca Cola like soft drink manufacturers is exploiting these resources and the people near the soft drink bottling plants are struggling to get enough drinking water from the nature. Stakeholder identification Som e of the major stakeholders of Coca Cola Company are; ordinary people, Coca Cola employees, shareholders in Coca Cola, government and local bodies. On one side, Coca Cola is trying to make profit and safeguard the interests of the company management and the shareholders. On the other side, ordinary people lose their drinking water resources and the government and local bodies struggle to take proper actions. It should be noted that as part of free trade agreements, it is the duty of the government of India to prepare enough facilities to Coca Cola like companies. Moreover, Indian government is currently trying to attract foreign direct investment at any cost to stimulate economic growth. The investments by Coca Cola would definitely help

Challenges in Motivating Employeess Essay Example for Free

Challenges in Motivating Employeess Essay Why motivating employees is becoming increasingly challenging. The study of motivation is concerned basically, why people behave in a certain way or why people do what they do? Generally motivation can be described as the direction and persistence of action. However different items such as work environment or internal and external forces can influence the person’s choice of action. Managers face a significant challenge in finding ways to motivate their employees. Some employees can often if hard to get motivated for a job even after being employed. Maybe because there is a day job duties repletion, work condition and etc. Below I discuss some of the most significant challenges in employee’s motivation: Money is one of the major variables of satisfaction and motivation, no doubt that employees will feel less motivated if they feel their compensation is not appropriate. Paying employees less will lead to dissatisfaction and of course dissatisfied employee is an unmotivated employee. However we have to consider individual differences in the motivation. Employees have different needs and given reward do not motivate all individuals similarly. Managers should spend time necessary to understand what is important to each employee and the align goal, level of involvement and reward with individual needs. For example professionals and knowledge workers which highly trained with a college or university degree are more concerned with content of work rather than their place on the organization chart. Money and promotions typically are low on their priority list in contrast job challenge and having skill-development opportunities tend to rank high. However motivating low skilled service workers which pay levels are often little above minimum wage such as retailing and fast food is different. Many employees working in low skilled service jobs feel that they do not get the respect they deserve from their employers. Unless pay and benefits are significantly increased, high dissatisfaction is probably inevitable in these jobs. Trying to understand the needs of such employees might help motivate them better. Motivating employees in a unionized workplace environment is another challenge. For example unions have not been very receptive to pay for performance plans. They believe that differential pay to employees doing similar work can hurt corporation and lead to competition in the workplace. In other word in unionized companies providing opportunities for training and advancement and listening to employees concern all help in creating a more positive environment. On the other hand with todays globalized companies we have to consider motivation do not necessarily work equally through the world. Reward practices in different countries are variable based on cultural differences. For example countries that put a high value on uncertainly avoidance prefer pay base on objective such as seniority. Countries that put a high value on individualism place more emphasis on an individual’s responsibility for performance that leads to rewards. Countries that put a high value on human orientation offer social benefits and programs that provide working family balance, such as childcare, maternity leave and etc. Work conditions and environment is another motivation challenges. Changing the way workers are treated may boost productivity more than changing the way they are paid. An employee who feels his working conditions are unreasonable maybe unmotivated. If he feels completing a task would place him in a dangerous situation, he may not see the value doing or completing it. Other thing which could affect employee motivation is training. An employee being asked to do work which he is not qualified for or capable of doing can result in an unmotivated employee. People are generally the most motivated when their jobs give them an opportunity to learn new skills and tasks that are performed and enable them to demonstrate competence. So no doubt having an open, safe and welcoming environment is one of the most important factors. Regulation of the hours of work is another condition. If an employee is working 60 hours a week instead of the standard 40 hours, he may feel unmotivated to show up or give a full effort knowing that he will give more work and expected to stay late to finish project. Multicultural Team is another challenge in motivation. Nowadays most of the companies from big to small have multicultural team. People from diverse culture, background and beliefs. It’s clear we cannot motivate multicultural teams the same way we motivate teams with members all from same culture. Multicultural teams are differing from same culture teams in a variety of aspects. For example people from different culture have different communication style, working method and decision making practices. The expectations of team behavior vary among nationals and ethic cultures. In result managers in these companies have special challenges for motivation. Managing and motivating employees who respect different cultures can be simultaneously exciting and challenging, provide supervisors and managers understand how culture differences inspire organizational excellence, at the same time, employers encounter challenges by separating employees instead of using management and motivation techniques that focus on common traits through the workforce. In these companies as a motivating factor, money is important but only to some extent. Usually After they start getting a fairly level of compensation for their input, money stop being the greatest motivator for most people. Knowing the strength, weaknesses and performance history of each team member are very important. Some training such as multicultural awareness, team building and intercultural management workshop, motivate multicultural team members are very helpful but they must know why they are being trained. Result: All said and done working with a cross cultural team is significantly challenging as the manager must develop strategies to cope not only with differences but also motivate the team to be productive and efficient. Can a manager or supervisor â€Å"empower† an employee? Generally managers used their power as the part of their interaction with employees. In today’s workplace, there is a movement toward sharing more power with employees by putting them in teams and also by making them responsible for some of the decisions regarding their jobs. Some managers believe that to empower people is a real part of leadership as opposed to management and they give examples of way empowerment can actually set people set free to do the jobs they are capable of and also allow them to do self-managing. However managers have different concepts of empowerment, for example one group of executives believed that empowerment was about delegating decisions making within a set of clear boundaries. While another group believed that empowerment was a process of risk taking and personal growth. There is a lot of positive press on empowerment but much of the talk of empowerment, but much of the talk of empowerment, does not result in employees being empowered. Some managers have difficulties letting employees have more power. But most of the managers agree that the employees should understand how their jobs fit into the organization and that they are able to make decisions regarding job action in light of the organization purpose and mission. Empowerment can offer a number of potential benefits throughout all levels of organization. Although there is a continuing debate about the real benefits of empowerment, there appears to be a general assumption motivated staff, quality customer service and improved profits. However all the theories share a common assumption that workers are an untapped resource with knowledge and experience and an interest in becoming involved, and employers need do provide opportunities and structures for their involvement. It’s also assume that participative decision making is likely to lead to job satisfaction and better quality decision and that gains are available to employer (Increased Efficiency) and workers (Job satisfaction), in short an everyone win scenario. According to Erstad, among the many fashionable management refers to the change strategy with the objective of improving both the individuals and the organization’s ability to act. From the context of articles especially in this area empowerment is a complex process. In order to be successful it requires a clear vision, a learning environment, both for management and employees, participation and implementation tools and techniques.

Romeo and Juliet Essay Example for Free

Romeo and Juliet Essay Romeo and Juliet is a story about two star crossed lovers. Who fall deeply in love with each outher the moment they meet. At the beginning of the play Juliet is a child like innocent little girl. She does whatever her mother and father tell her to do, I can tell this by when her mother calls her she runs to her mother, and her first words to her mother are madam what is your will? Here she expresses that she is ready to do as she is told. She knows nothing about the world. This is because she has been educated at home. If Juliet does need to go out of the house it is always with the accompany of the nurse or her mother. Juliet is very obedient to her father. The first rapid change we see within Juliet, the innocent little girl. This happens the minute she meets Romeo. She turns really devious. This all happens after Juliet has kissed Romeo, he is about to set off home. Juliet wants to know what his name is, so she asks the nurse, the names of outher young men before actually asking Romeos name. Whats he that now is going out of door? Marry, that I think be young petruchio Whats he that follows there, that would not dance? here she is referring to Romeo. When the nurse does not know his name Juliet sends the nurse to go and ask him. When the nurse returns she tells Juliet his name is Romeo, and a Montague, the only son of your great enemy. This is the first step Juliet takes where she starts to develop her changes from an innocent girl to a young lady who has to make a decision for herself. This is where Juliet has to make a decision whether or not to for get Romeo or to still think of him knowing that he is one of her great enemies. This is also one of the decisions she has to make on her own, without her mother or anyone knowing. Even though she is crafty Juliet is also rather levelheaded. She shows this when Romeo is deeply in love with Juliet and all he talks about in love non-stop. With loves light wings did I oerperch these, walls, for story limits cannot hold love out: and what love can do, that dares love attempt: therefore the kinsmen are no stop to me. At this moment Romeo is just to deeply in love, and does not really think of what he is saying or doing. Whereas Juliet is more down to earth, and reminds Romeo if what danger he could be in. If they do see thee, they will murder thee. It is still the same night she met Romeo, Juliet turns from a child like daughter into a young lady who just does what she feels like doing. This happens when Juliet purposes to Romeo and asks him to send her his answer the next day. At this point Juliet does not really think of what she is doing, Juliet takes things into her own hands and does not bother thinking of the consequences. Juliet does not even ask anyone else before she asks Romeo to marry him, but instead takes matters into her own hands. One other thing that changes about Juliet is that she does not wait for Romeo to bring up the marriage, but brings it up her self. Which is unusual for the girl to be the one that suggests marriage. After taking matters into her own hands Juliet also becomes very demanding, and impatient, something that you would not expect an nai ve girl to be come like in such short time. The clock struck none when I did send the nurse: In half an hour she promised to return therefore here Juliet remembers how long the nurse had told she would take and Juliet had remembered, this also shows that Juliet has kept track of time and has been counting each minute the nurse has been. When the nurse does finally return with the answer Juliet does not lat her sit down knowing she is out of breath, she just wants to her the reply back. But the nurse who just wants to play around with Juliet gives her a hard time, by not telling her the answer. When Juliet says sweet, sweet, sweet Nurse, tell me, what says my love? Repeating sweet three times Juliet sweet talks her way back to the nurse, which makes the nurse to give in. Juliet becomes very romantic and, loving. This is another one of Juliets changes after she meets Romeo. But to be frank and give it the again: And yet I wish but for the thing I have. My bounty is as boundless as the sea, my love as deep: the more I give to thee, the more I have, for both are infinite. Juliet here is saying all this to Romeo and expressing her love to him, so much that she says my love as deep the more I give to thee the more love she gives to Romeo the more I have for both are infinite the more never ending love she holds inside her. Wilt thou be gone? It is not near day. It was the nightingale, and not the lark this is when Romeo and Juliet have spent the night in Juliets bedroom, mourning has broke but Juliet denies that it is mourning when she says it was the nightingale the bird that comes out at night, and that it was not the lark the bird that comes in the mourning. So here Juliet denies that it is mourning because being with Romeo makes time fly past. Therefore this is where Juliet is not the sensible one, and this is the point where Juliet is in an adoring mood. Juliet also shows integrity by saying no to her marriage with Paris. This is where she takes things the hard way. What she could have done she could have married Paris and forget all about Romeo as he was banished. But she loved Romeo and took the hard way. There is another frantic change in Juliet. Being with Romeo has also made her very brave. The first brave aspect we see in Juliet is when she marries her fathers enemys son, Romeo. Knowing what can happen to Romeo and her she still takes the big step in marring Romeo. She is also exceedingly brave when she tells her father that she will not marry Paris. Not proud you have, but thankful that you have. Proud can I never be of what I hate, but thankful even for hate that is meant love. This is the first time ever she has disobeyed her father. Making her point loud and clear in saying no to marring Paris. She is also very brave when she takes the potion. At first she cant wait to get her hands on the potion, give me give me. Knowing the potion can go wrong and if she does wake before Romeo has got to her. When I am laid into the tomb, I wake before the time that Romeo comes to re deem me. She still takes the potion for her loves sake. Again she is extremely brave when she kills herself when she sees Romeo dead on the floor Juliet sees the dagger as some sort of cover that will protect her from everything that is happing and take her to her Romeo O happy dagger! This is thy sheath, there rust, and let me die. On the whole I think Juliet does what she does because of the difficulties this feud has caused for her relationship with Romeo. I also think that it is good that Juliet changed throughout the story because if she did stay as an innocent girl she would have never gone as far as marring Romeo. Throughout the whole play every change that she made helped her in many ways. If Juliet did not turn crafty or disloyal to her father she would have never ended up dieing with Romeo. Hansa Saleem 11E Romeo and Juliet essay.

Assessment of Plants for Anti Asthmatic Drugs

Assessment of Plants for Anti Asthmatic Drugs Introduction Asthma is a respiratory inflammatory disease characterized by narrowing of bronchial airway. There are changes in level of cytokines, eosinophils, lymphocytes, mast cells, and other inflammatory cell products. As high level of IgE binds to mast cell receptors, it interacts with antigen, resulting in inflammatory reactions, like the release of mediators (prostaglandins, histamines, and leukotrienes). Hence, bronchoconstriction is triggered. Asthma affects 300 million people across the world and an estimate of a further 100 million will suffer by 2025 (Taur D.J. and Patil R.Y., 2011). Now, there are more and more asthma patients and research teams looking for natural or complementary alternatives to treat asthma. This is because the modern asthma therapy has caused many adverse effects. The natural plant used to treat asthma should have immunomodulatory, smooth-muscle relaxants, antihistamine, anti-inflammatory and allergic activity. In the Ayurveda context, an anti-asthmatic plant drug should have anti-kapha and anti-vata properties (Taur D.J. and Patil R.Y., 2011). Countless natural plants are used as the natural source for anti-asthmatic drugs. After intense research, a particular molecule with good therapeutic properties is identified and extracted from the plants. Then, the molecule will undergo many modifications in the laboratories, be produced in large scale manufacture, put into various dosage forms and marketed to the public. The examples of such plant drugs are Aerva lanta Linn (Amaranthaceae), Cnidium monnieri (Umbelliferae), Euphorbia hirta (Euphorbiaceae), Mentha spicata L, and Olea europea (Oleaceae) (Taur D.J. and Patil R.Y., 2011). Selection of 4 plant drugs 4 drugs are being selected for their anti-asthmatic properties: Quercetin Ephedrine Cromolyn sodium Theophylline Drug Category Plant source Properties Quercetin (Yikrazuul, 2008) Flavonol Caper Quercetin potentiates ÃŽ ² receptor stimulation via phosphodiesterase inhibition of PDE4 and PLCÃŽ ². This relaxes airway muscles (Drug Bank, 2014). It is also an effective bronchodilator and it prevents release of histamine and other inflammatory chemicals (Drug Bank, 2014a). Ephedrine (NEUROtiker, 2008) Sympathomimetic amine Ma Huang As a bronchodilator and decongestant, ephedrine is a potent sympathomimetic that stimulates ÃŽ ± and ÃŽ ² receptors. It reduces swelling and vasoconstriction in lung airways. As your airway widens, you can breathe more easily (RxList, 2009). Cromolyn Sodium (Fvasconcellos, 2009) Chromone complex Khellin Cromolyn sodium inhibits mast cell degranulation, hence there is no release of histamine and slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis. Type I hypersensitivity is ceased. Besides, cromolyn sodium may inhibit leukotriene release and calcium entry (Drug Bank, 2014b). Theophylline (Fuse809, 2014) Methylxanthine Cacao treeandcocoa tree Theophylline relaxes bronchial smooth muscles and reduces their responsiveness to allergen and histamine. It inhibits type III and type IV phosphodiesterase (PDE) which break downs cAMP, resulting in bronchodilation. It also blocks adenosine A2B receptor and subsequently, bronchoconstriction. Histone deacetylase is activated to prevent inflammatory gene transcription (Drug Bank, 2014c). Table 1: Drug, its category, plant source and properties. Plant Biological source Chemical constituents Family Scientific name Picture Caper bark,bud,leaves Rutin(Quercetin 3-Rutinoside),Quercetin 7-Rutinoside,Quercetin 3-Glucoside-7-Rhamnoside,Kaempferol-3-Rutinoside,Kaempferol-3-Glucoside, AndKaempferol-3-Rhamnorutinoside (Winter R, 1978). Capparaceae Capparis spinosa (Thomà © O. W., 1885) Ma Huang Stem Ephedrine, pseudoephrine Ephedraceae Ephedra sinica, Ephedra intermedia, Ephedra equisetina, Ephedra distacha, Ephedra trifurca (Climbjm, 2000) Khellin Seeds, fruits 1% of Khellin and 0.3% of visnagin are found in fruits (Drugs.com, 2009). Apiaceae Ammi visnaga (Sipler D, 2004) Cacao treeandcocoa tree Seeds The seeds contain about 2% of theobromine and 40-60% of solid fat (Grieve M, 2014). Malvaceae Theobroma cacao (Luisovalles, 2007) Table 2: Biological source, chemical constituent, family and scientific name of each plant. Different methods of screening The following two screening methods are done to uncover the chemical properties and effects of usage of drug quercetin. Method 1 is about using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-ED) to extract rutin out of plant extracts based on its chemical properties. Method 2 is the involvement of guinea pigs to compare anti-asthmatic effect of quercetin with other drugs like cromolyn sodium. Screening 1: â€Å"Bronchoprotective activity in mice against various mediators.† Mice were exposed to either 4% w/v acetycholine bromide in 5% NaHà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¡POà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ or 5% egg-albumin or 2% w/v histamine dihydrochloride aerosol in histamine chamber under constant pressure. Bronchospasm was then induced. The mice showed progressive dyspnea. The end point of PCD (pre-convulsive dyspnea) was identified from the time of exposure to the onset of dyspnea, leading to convulsion. When PCD started, the mice were removed from the chamber and be exposed to the fresh air for recovery (Bahekar R.H. et al., 2000). After 2 days, the mice were given different test drugs. The time for onset of PCD was measured against that induced by acetycholine bromide, egg-albumin or histamine dihydrochloride aerosol. The bronchoprotective effect of each drugs was calculated using the following formula (Bahekar R.H. et al., 2000): Tà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚  was a mean of control PCD time. Tà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ was a PCD time after drug treatment. Screening 2: â€Å"Quercetin inhalation inhibits the asthmatic responses by exposure to aerosolized-ovalbumin in conscious guinea-pigs.† Guinea pigs were actively sensitized with aerosolized-ovalbumin (AOA) (2w/v% in saline, inhalation for 3 min) in the double-chambered plethysmograph, triggering immediate (IAR), late phase (LAR) and late late phase (LLAR) asthmatic response. A doubling in skin thickness means a success in sensitization. Recruitment of histamine, leukocytes, and protein contents, specific airway resistance (sRaw), and phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were measured. After that, the guinea pigs were made to inhale different test drugs for 2 minutes. The effect was compared between the drugs (Moon H et al, 2008). The respiratory function of guinea pigs were measured using double-chambered plethysmograph. Tidal volume, respiratory rate, tidal airflow and sRaw were measured. Quercetin reduced sRaw by 57.15 +/- 3.82% in IAR; 57.72 +/- 7.28% in LAR as well as 55.20 +/- 5.69% in LLAR. Cromolyn sodium significantly reduced sRaw in all three phases (Moon H et al, 2008). Comparison between screening 1 and screening 2: Both screening methods use animals as the in vivo test system, inhalation as dosage form and chamber as the place for induction of asthma in animals. Both are used to measure the anti-asthmatic effects of different test drugs. Screening method 1 Difference Screening method 2 Mice Test animals Guinea pigs 4% w/v acetycholine bromide in 5% NaHà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¡POà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ or 5% egg-albumin or 2% w/v histamine dihydrochloride aerosol Chemical inducing asthma effects Aerosolized-ovalbumin (AOA) (2w/v% in saline, inhalation for 3 min) The time for onset of PCD Measure of drug effects Tidal volume, respiratory rate, tidal airflow and sRaw Bahekar et al. Researchers Hee Moon et al. Table 3: Differences between the screening methods. Side effect of the plant drugs Despite the popular claims that drugs from natural sources are safe and effective over the long-term, patients should not be fooled for thinking that natural drugs are safer than synthetic modern medicines. The same goes to the anti-asthmatic drugs. The side effects of the plant drugs are: Drugs Side effects Caution Solutions Quercetin Headacheor tingling in arms and legs, kidney damage (high doses) (WebMD, 2013a) Pregnant orbreastfeeding Interaction with antibiotics Cyclosporine,warfarin, or drugs (the function can be changed by theliver) (WebMD, 2013). Consult your doctor if the symptoms do not resolve within 2 or 3 weeks after starting taking this medicine. Ephedrine Dizziness, headache, nausea, allergic reactions, difficulty urinating (Drugs.com, 2014). Allergy to this medication Asthma Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor High blood pressure Heart disease (Drugs.com, 2014a). Consult your doctor if the symptoms do not resolve within 1 week after starting taking this medicine or you develop a high fever. Cromolyn sodium Nausea, joint pain, headache,mild stinging, burning ortrouble sleeping (WebMD, 2013b). Allergy to cromolyn sodium Kidney disease Liver disease (Drugs.com, 2014b). Consult your doctor if the symptoms do not resolve within 2 or 3 weeks after starting taking this medicine. Theophylline Chest pain, fainting, increase in urine volume, pounding or rapid pulse, persistent vomiting, seizures and shakiness (Drugs.com, 2014c). Breastfeeding (Theophylline can be present in breast milk, harming the baby) Anyone under 18 years old without medical advice (Drugs.com, 2014c). When your body gets used to the drug, the side-effects will disappear. Seek for professional health to reduce these side-effects. Table 4: Side-effects, cautions and solutions for each plant drug. Natural plant drugs do have their side-effects. Drug users have to be alert with the effects and take necessary precautionary steps or consult a doctor when any suspicious symptoms are detected. Conclusion Nowadays, you can find countless of prescriptions and over-the-counter medicines derived from plants. During the ancient times, plants have been the exemplary sources of drugs.They just do not get created entirely from zero in lab, but the researchers and scientists trawled through jungles, wetlands, rivers and grasslands they can find, searching for better compounds to test against asthma. Some of the natural anti-asthmatics underwent the most vigorous clinical trials imaginable, while some were not recognized for its functions due to lack of valid evidence. For example, the benefits of Quercetin in asthma are not known, while theophylline is the certified first line treatment for decades. There are many other plant drugs that have similar anti-asthmatic activity, like wild Licorice, Gingko Biloba, Anise (apinene and creosol), garlic and leaf of Parsley. All must undergo the most stringent quality control and quality assurance, together with firm uphold of Global Manufacturing Pract ice to ensure the quality, efficacy and safety of the plant drugs. So far, there is no cure for asthma. The effects of all the anti-asthmatic drugs and medicine, no matter which group it belongs, discovered has been limited to managing and controlling symptoms of asthma. However, there are more and more studies and researches, hoping to find a perfect drug to effectively and safely cure asthma (Taur D.J. and Patil R.Y., 2011). Reference Bahekar R.H. et al. 2000. New Bronchodilators 2: Synthesis Of 6-Alkylbenzimidazo [1,2-C] Quinazolines.Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, [Online]. 62/1, 41-45. Available at: http://www.ijpsonline.com/article.asp?issn=0250-474X;year=2000;volume=62;issue=1;spage=41;epage=45;aulast=Bahekar;type=0[Accessed 17 November 2014]. Climbjm, (2000),Mormon Tea in Arches NP[ONLINE]. Available at: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Mormon_Tea_in_Arches_NP_-_July_2008.jpg/1024px-Mormon_Tea_in_Arches_NP_-_July_2008.jpg[Accessed 09 November 14]. Drug Bank. 2014a.Quercetin. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB04216. [Accessed 20 November 14]. Drug Bank. 2014b.Cromoglicic acid.Available: http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01003. Last accessed 6th Nov 2014. Drug Bank. 2014c.Theophylline.Available: http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00277. Last accessed 6th Nov 2014. Drug Bank. 2014d.Ephedrine.Available: http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01364. Last accessed 6th Nov 2014. Drugs.com. 2009.Khella. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.drugs.com/npp/khella.html. [Accessed 12 November 14]. Drugs.com. 2014a.Ephedrine.Available: http://www.drugs.com/ephedrine.html. Last accessed 7th Nov 2014. Drugs.com. 2014b.Cromolyn sodium. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.drugs.com/mtm/cromolyn-sodium.html. [Accessed 20 November 14]. Fuse809, (2014),Structure of[ONLINE]. Available at: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Theophylline2DCSD.svg/612px-Theophylline2DCSD.svg.png[Accessed 20 November 14]. Fvasconcellos, (2009),Skeletal formula of cromoglicic acid (cromoglicate, cromolyn)[ONLINE]. Available at:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Cromoglicic_acid.svg/970px-Cromoglicic_acid.svg.png[Accessed 20 November 14]. Grieve M. 2014.Cacao. [ONLINE] Available at:https://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/c/cacao-02.html. [Accessed 12 November 14]. Luisovalles, 2007,Matadecacao[ONLINE]. Available at: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Matadecacao.jpg/640px-Matadecacao.jpg[Accessed 09 November 14]. Moon H. et al. 2008. Quercetin inhalation inhibits the asthmatic responses by exposure to aerosolized-ovalbumin in conscious guinea-pigs.Archives of Pharmacal Research. 31 (6), p771-772. NEUROtiker, (2008),Structure of (−)-Ephedrine[ONLINE]. Available at:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/(-)-Ephedrin.svg/207px-(-)-Ephedrin.svg.png[Accessed 20 November 14]. RxList. 2009.Ephedrine.Available: http://www.rxlist.com/ephedrine-drug/clinical-pharmacology.htm. Last accessed 6th Nov 2014. Sipler D, 2004,Ammi Visnaga[ONLINE]. Available at: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Ammi_Visnaga_(289632722).jpg/800px-Ammi_Visnaga_(289632722).jpg[Accessed 09 November 14]. Taur D.J., Patil R.Y. (2011). Some medicinal plants with antiasthmatic potential: a current status.Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 1 (5), p413–418. Thomà © O.W., 1885,Illustration Capparis spinosa0[ONLINE]. Available at:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Illustration_Capparis_spinosa0.jpg/640px-Illustration_Capparis_spinosa0.jpg[Accessed 11 November 14]. WebMD. 2013a.Quercetin.Available: http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-and-supplements/quercetin-uses-and-risks. Last accessed 7th Nov 2014. WebMD. 2013b.Mast Cell Stabilizers for Long-Term Control of Asthma. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.webmd.com/asthma/mast-cell-stabilizers-for-long-term-control-of-asthma. [Accessed 20 November 14]. Winter R. 1978. A Consumers Dictionary of Food Additives. Crown Publishers, Inc., New York. Yikrazuul, (2008),Quercetin[ONLINE]. Available at: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Quercetin.svg/800px-Quercetin.svg.png[Accessed 20 November 14].

Leonhard Euler :: essays research papers

Leonhard Euler   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Leonhard Euler, (born April 15, 1707, died Sept. 18, 1783), was the most prolific mathematician in history. His 866 books and articles represent about one third of the entire body of research on mathematics, theoretical physics, and engineering mechanics published between 1726 and 1800. In pure mathematics, he integrated Leibniz's differential calculus and Newton's method of fluxions into mathematical analysis; refined the notion of a function; made common many mathematical notations, including e, i, the pi symbol, and the sigma symbol; and laid the foundation for the theory of special functions, introducing the beta and gamma transcendal functions. He also worked on the origins of the calculus of variations, but withheld his work in deference to J. L. Lagrange. He was a pioneer in the field of topology and made number theory into a science, stating the prime number theorem and the law of biquadratic reciprocity. In physics he articulated Newtonian dynamics and laid the foundation of analytical mechanics, especially in his Theory of the Motions of Rigid Bodies (1765). Like his teacher Johann Bernoulli, he elaborated continuum mechanics, but he also set forth the kinetic theory of gases with the molecular model. With Alexis Clairaut he studied lunar theory. He also did fundamental research on elasticity, acoustics, the wave theory of light, and the hydromechanics of ships.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Euler was born in Basel, Switzerland. His father, a pastor, wanted his son to follow in his footsteps and sent him to the University of Basel to prepare for the ministry, but geometry soon became his favorite subject. Through the intercession of Bernoulli, Euler obtained his father's consent to change his major to mathematics. After failing to obtain a physics position at Basel in 1726, he joined the St. Petersburg Academy of Science in 1727. When funds were withheld from the academy, he served as a medical lieutenant in the Russian navy from 1727 to 1730. In St. Petersburg he boarded at the home of Bernoulli's son Daniel. He became professor of physics at the academy in 1730 and professor of mathematics in 1733, when he married and left Bernoulli's house. His reputation grew after the publication of many articles and his book Mechanica (1736-37), which extensively presented Newtonian dynamics in the form of mathematical analysis for the first time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1741, Euler joined the Berlin Academy of Science, where he remained for 25 years. In 1744 he became director of the academy's mathematics section. During his stay in Berlin, he wrote over 200 articles, three books on mathematical analysis, and a scientific popularization, Letters to a Princess of Germany (3 vols., 1768-72).

Adeline Yen Mahs Falling Leaves Essay -- Mah Falling Leaves Gender

Adeline Yen Mah's "Falling Leaves" Works Cited Missing   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For years, the world has been oblivious to the painful, degrading traditions toward women that take place behind the â€Å"Bamboo Curtain† of China. Falling Leaves , by Adeline Yen Mah, unveils the darker side of Chinese culture through her eyes as an unwanted Chinese daughter. Shocking mistreatment, of not only the author, but also the females in her extended family keep suspense alive throughout the book. My heart sobs at each account of Adeline’s tortured life, but through it all, there was a flicker of her spirit that could not be put out.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In China, girls are seen as a possession or a â€Å"cheap commodity† (Yen Mah 100). Sons, especially the eldest, are given far more attention and praise. Families that are well off keep their daughters and marry them off to prominent families’ sons through a marriage broker (â€Å"mei-po†). Rich daughters often had their feet bound, a process by which the â€Å"four lateral toes of the foot are forced with a bandage under the sole so that only the big toe protruded. (It was) tightened daily for a number of years (so as to) permanently arrest the foot’s growth in order to achieve tiny feet so prized by Chinese men† (Yen Mah 11). Their inability to walk with ease is a symbol of submissiveness, weakness, and wealth. This tradition is becoming more rare, but still many older women bear its pain today. Adeline’s grandmother went against these traditions by not torturing her own daughter i...

Hurricane :: essays research papers

â€Å"Safety in Hurricanes† Hurricanes are one of the most damaging forces of nature. These tropical storms, with possible winds speeds of over eighty miles per hour, have the potential to destroy millions†¦including you. Which is why I write to you, the population of Southern Florida, in hopes of informing you about the dangers of hurricanes. Many precautions have been taken in the past. Though, some safety measures are unreliable. Having the attitude of â€Å" Oh†¦what are the chances of a hurricane hitting me?† or â€Å" What are the odds of that happening to me?† will not surpass as a justification for not taking the proper precautions. The fact is hurricanes give very little warning time and it is absolutely necessary that you clean your house and yard, make plans for evacuation of family members, and get flood insurance.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the most important safety steps is cleaning around your house, because materials in your yard can serve as missiles. The possible three hundred to four hundred mile span of the average hurricane can transform objects such as dead tree limbs, playground equipment, and any other â€Å"loose† materials in your yard into deadly projectiles targeted at your house. That is why it is important to cut dead limbs as well as trim back any weak limbs. Along with objects in your yard, your have can become hazardous during a hurricane. To insure the inhabitant’s safety, boarding windows to avoid â€Å"shooting† glass is very essential. I would suggest permanent shutters, though this can become very expensive. Another alternative is using sheets of one-half inch plywood.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Secondly, you should make evacuation plans for your family members. Planning an evacuation route is simple. You can call local emergency management offices and determine the quickest, safest route to a shelter. Though, make sure you create an evacuation plan for you pets. Pets may not be allowed into emergency shelters for health and space reasons. You can call your local humane society regarding local animal shelters. Overall, you should be ready to drive twenty to fifty miles away to a shelter so make sure you are supplied with ample gasoline.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hurricanes bring floods inland. Every person living in southern Florida should look into flood insurance. Like I said earlier, you should not have the attitude of â€Å" It will never happen to me†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ because it can, it is called Murphy’s Law and it states that what ever you think is least likely to happen will happen.

Hollywood main stream cinema’s treatment of gender in the 1980’s Essay

To what extent is Rambo: First Blood Part 2 typical of Hollywood mainstream cinema’s treatment of gender in the 1980’s? Action films in the 1980’s reflected the changes and insecurity’s within American society. There had been a rise in feminism meaning that the masculine form and dominance was being undermined and white working class males did not know where their place was in society. It was also in the immediate time after the Vietnam War and confusion and anger still lingered. The Vietnam War divided the American nation as a whole because, as it has been in recent times with the war in Iraq, people didn’t fully understand why America needed to impose their presence in a country where they felt they had nothing to gain. The action film in the 1980’s introduced a hero that differentiated masculinity and femininity using the form of the body as a way of ensuring power, dominance and self-respect. Rambo: First Blood Part 2 is a typical film of this era in terms of masculinity and the ways in which men and women are portrayed. In the film Rambo: First Blood Part 2 Sylvester Stallone portrays a typical action hero of the ‘war film’ genre in the 1980’s but also an outcast of society after the Vietnam War. He is a veteran of Vietnam and came home to find that everything he had known had changed and he was no longer considered an honourable soldier but more as a war criminal. Rambo’s mission in this film is to go back to Vietnam and see if he can find a camp that he is told has many POW’s. If he finds the men, he can only take photographs but he has a problem with this and risks his own life to save them. He is very strong and muscular and is able to defeat the soldiers, Russian and Vietnamese, single handed. Douglas Kellner states that the film; ‘Follows the conventions of the Hollywood genre of the â€Å"war film†, which dramatizes conflicts between the United States and its â€Å"enemies† and provides a happy ending that portrays the victory of good over evil.’ (Kellner, 1994, p.10) This means that America always won no matter who the enemy was. In reality this is something that America could not accomplish. There was no happy ending and there were no immediate heroes. Rambo is allowed to bring glory upon America and diffuse a situation that could have cost the American military even more respect and dignity. America had lost some of its power within the world and they strived to get it back. It had lost its first war and it had become important to remasculinize America. There was a growing fear of communism in the country and displaying male heroes which went against the communist regime was their idea of establishing the ideal throughout the world by a means of globalization. Globalization had been taking place throughout the history of cinema by a means of film that was imported and exported to places around the world. In effect most of the action films set in Vietnam, and other films which hold a strong view of patriotism and heroism within America in the 1980’s, can be seen as propaganda films against the rise of communism. The purpose, with or without the knowledge of the audience, was to get the idea across to a mass audience that communism was against the principles of the country. In Rambo the ‘evil’ characters are the Vietnamese and Russian soldiers and ironically, it turns out that the greatest threat to Rambo is not the Vietnamese, although they do pose a strong force, it is the Russians. The Russians are shown as being extremely strong, relentless, and willing to put a man through torture to get what they want. Nevertheless, whatever the Russians do you cannot beat a man with as much physical and mental strength as Rambo. This follows a pattern throughout action films in the 1980’s. One film that is suggestive of this is Rocky 4. Rocky 4 (1985) also stars Sylvester Stallone but this time he is a boxer. He is fighting against a strong Russian fighter named Ivan Drago. Drago is very tough and stands at over 6ft tall. The Russian crowd all stand behind their fighter but when the final fight is over and Rocky defeats him with all of his strength the Russians begin to show support for Rocky and boo their fighter. This is the film industry’s way of evoking patriotism and the ever-growing fear of the communist regime after the Cold War. Philip L. Gianos states that; ‘The advent of Vietnam in film provided an opportunity for filmmakers who were denied an actual shooting war: a parallel, surrogate setting in which cold war themes could be played out.’ (Gianos. 1998, P.159) The first response from the film industry during this time was a set of anti-communist films to respond to the changing political environment. The villains are almost always portrayed as foreign internationals such as Russian, German, and sometimes English and they are usually a communist operative. They are never American in these films because the hero is American. He is fighting for his country and if it were another American he is fighting against he is effectively fighting against America. Other action films that were released at that time include, The Terminator, Rocky, Predator, and Die Hard. Millions of people worldwide, mainly consisting of young males went to see these films at the cinema. They gave them a chance to ‘latch on to big, muscular, violent men as cinematic heroes.’ (Katz, 1994, p134) These heroes gave the audience the chance to gain self-respect and security as it represented a masculinity that was unaffected by the rise of feminism. Gender roles had been reversed due to the growing rise of a feminist movement that showed women were increasingly moving into the workplace rather than staying at home. The displaying of the male physique and the physical torture it goes through to enable glory and victory over evil is further suggestive of masculinity in crisis and the gain of global respect. Women could not gain this kind of respect because they could not attain that degree of physical strength and endurance so therefore this was one thing that they couldn’t take away from men. The female role in the action film of the 1980’s appears at first glance to be on equal footing with the male. However, there are some differences in the ways in which they go about their missions. In Rambo: First Blood Part 2 the main female character, Co Bao, is strong, resourceful and a very capable fighter. She is Rambo’s contact in Vietnam and later becomes his love interest. During the film she cautions Rambo to follow his orders and when she goes to save him from the Russian’s in the POW camp she uses a different technique than Rambo. While Rambo attacked her captor from behind and overpowered him she sneaked into the camp as a prostitute. Therefore the issue of strength and power is present in the male character but in the female character it is more about subtlety and intelligence. Rambo is the definitive male of 80’s cinema and was joined by characters such as John McLain (Die Hard) and Rocky Balboa (Rocky). In these films the main action centres around one hero and the female character is usually the love-interest or accomplice. In previous war/actions films and Vietnam films the veterans were seen as either psychopaths, such as Travis Bickle in Taxi Driver, or tragic characters, Bob Hyde in Coming Home. In the films of the 1980’s, however, the hero fights back. In Rambo Part 2 Rambo can be seen as an anti-hero because of his rebellious behaviour by going against his orders to leave the POW’s and by telling Murdock that he will come and get him when he gets back from the jungle. This makes his character more dangerous and exciting to the audience as you don’t know what he is going to do. He has many people after him in Vietnam but he also has enemies at home. He has to deal with ‘home-grown discrimination’ because of the war and in effect he is no longer fighting for his country. He is doing it for the comrades that he fought with; ‘In these films the enemy is not the enemy in a war that is officially over but rather the civilian and military leadership that failed to win the war’ (Gianos. 1998, p.166) After Co Bao is killed Rambo channels his emotions into retaliation and thus becomes a fighting machine that is only out for revenge. Before she was killed he was ready to leave after finding that Murdock sent him out just to get free of him and stem reports that there were POW’s still in Vietnam. The style of the film helps to build the perception that he is a ‘god’ and that he is invincible. The use of lighting and camera angles are used to enhance his physique and the fast paced editing in the action shots are used to show that he is fast, strong and practical in the ways he attacks his enemies. Rambo shows us the ideal, very well-built muscular body of the white male in a place where he appears to belong. Commonly used iconography for Vietnam films included dense jungle, camouflage equipment and hi-tech weaponry. He uses the jungle to an advantage and appears to know it better than those who live there. He uses his initiative and intelligence in the jungle and is able to use it to gain the upper hand in a battle. One example of this is the scene in which he attacks a US soldier after he hides in a bank of mud with his eyes being the only thing visible. The male body in these films ‘constructs the white man as physically superior, yet also an everyman, built to do the job of colonial world improvement’ (Dyer, 2002, p.269) The fact that the superior build of the hero’s body establishes him as an everyman means that it is something that any man can attain – as long as you are white. Black men are rarely portrayed in this manner and if they are they are usually the villains of the movie and end up being defeated. In conclusion, the gender representation in the film is an effort from the United States to fulfil the growing need of remasculinizing American society, in particularly, in the dominant white majority of the working class. With the rise of feminism, fear of communism, political scandals and the Vietnam War, it became imperative for America to try and rebuild the image of men in a positive light. Rather than focusing on men as a collective these films focused on one individual and therefore a view of machismo, strength and determination became the ‘norm’. The films of the 1980’s became a kind of vessel of the ideal and most of these films are still popular in today’s society and may still be what some men aspire to be. If you were like these men you were considered to be manly and if you weren’t you were understood to be weak and not the ‘typical’ American male. The male hero in these films was put there to win. America needed a hero and they found him in these films. The masculine form was in crisis and the wholesomeness and fearless heroes could make an impact on the male audience who would then seek to be like the characters they watched on screen. Bibliography Gianos P.L (1998) Politics and Politicians in American Film, London, Greenwood Press Dyer, R, (2002) The White Man’s Muscles in Adams. R and Savran. D (eds) (2002) The Masculinity Studies Reader Oxford, Blackwell Publishers Jeffords S. (1989) The Remasculinization of America: Gender and the Vietnam War Indianapolis and Bloomington, Indiana University Press Kellner D. and Katz. J (1994) in Dines G and Humez J.M (eds) (1994) Gender, Race and Class in Media London, Sage Publications

Harris on End Times Essay

Hey, toilet. What argon in you today? You fall apartt look as upbeat as usual. Is there anything that I tooshie do to help you? John I dont know, however perhaps you can. You see, I am taking Eschatology 1. My prof is weird. On top of that, he is a stinking lecturer. I cant take in what hes saying. And I cant even understand my nones I have to workplace it and read the set aside of revealing in order to subside his test. Steven Let me see. Hmmm. Youre not a good note taker its real obvious. notwithstanding I guest your professor isnt an organized lecturer. Well, you can always read my book and John But the exam is four hours awaySteven Oh my goodness. You are definitely in trouble. see, I forget lecture you briefly on the chief(prenominal) points that you will need to pass this test. Listen carefully, and I hope youll get an A. John Ok Steven From Chapter 15 of my book, I give tongue to the Revelation can be defined as follows 1. Prologue the seeds self-identific ation and authority (11-20) 2. Jesus letters to the seven churches of Asia minor(ip) (21-322) 3. Visions from heaven breaking seven seals on a scroll seven yellow pitcher plant (41-1119) 4. Signs in heaven visions of the woman, the dragon, the animal, the Lamb, and the seven plagues (121-1621)5. Visions of the swell whore and the fall of Babylon (Rome) (171-1824) 6. Visions of the eschaton the warrior Messiah, the imprisonment of the beast and Satan, judgment of the dead, and the final defeat of iniquity (191-2015) 7. Visions of the refreshed heaven and a new earth descent of the heavenly capital of Israel to earth (211-225) 8. Epilogue authenticity of the authors prophetic visions and the nearness of their cessation (226-21). In addition, many of Johns imagery and style came from Old will Apocalyptic Literature, andJohn Wait, you mean principles of interlingual rendition in Daniel and others such as virtuoso apocalyptic day = one misprint year also holds in Revelation? Stev en Thats right John So everything Ive learned in the antecedent term about Hebraic foretelling can also be utilize here? Precisely the reason why I had to take Hermeneutics 2 and Hebrew Prophecy before I study Revelation? Steven You betcha John So first, let me recap. Lets take a look at the terms the Lamb, the dragon, the heavenly woman, the whore, and the sum of the Lamb and the heavenly city.They are not literal being but symbols of another(prenominal) referent, right? Steven Yes, and to take you to the shortcut, the historical flavour is the Lamb is Jesus Christ, the dragon is a figure of Satan, the whore is his church the romish Catholic Church, the marriage of the Lamb symbolizes the colligation of the Christian Church of the aggregate of the dependable believers after the Rapture, and the heavenly city is a picture of our destiny with Jesus Christ. though I find it personally saturated to accept that it is literally as described, but I do not real show that in the bo ok because I do not want to reveal my Christian brother.

Blue Ocean Study

What is obscure marine come forthline? by Nattida Sae-Iw MBA Student What is Blue sea dodging? Lets start with the metaphors To understand the verge of Blue Ocean, imagine a market introduction composed of two sorts of oceans blood-red Oceans and Blue Oceans. Red Oceans represent the existing market space which is cognize market. Companies in red oceans atomic number 18 competitive-base they are bit each other and aim to get a large market share from their competitors. The world instantaneously is globalized, the contentions are fiercer than ever, they are battling on the same take thus this is bloody competition.Thats why its c aloneed red oceans. Blue Oceans are naked as a jaybird, defined as unknown market space. In blue oceans, competition is irrelevant because the rules of the game are waiting to be set. Blue oceans are the opportunity for loftyly lucrative growth. The space is newfangled, no battle so its clear market, thats why this is called Blue Ocean. prod uctiveness ManagementCreativity Management Companies are always successful in the red ocean. How many companies tend to follow the payfulness side of the diagram? Most of companies are assistance to follow the left side as thats normal practice and easier.The right side is a take chances taking and companies are trying to repeal it. The red ocean is always matter and is a fact of job life. However, with exceeding need and much competitors, companies need to go beyond competing. To grow business opportunity, the companies need to draw blue oceans. Unfortunately, blue oceans are uncharted and large. Without guideline and frameworks to create blue oceans is seen to be lay on the liney. Therefore, there are some methodologies to help on how to create them. According to the article, it can be summarized that the introductory structure of creating blue oceans are as follows pore on Future, answer yourself with these questions whether you are ready to create blue oceans. Simple questions you need to challenge you are really blue color. How Blue is your strategy 1. Creating new demand instead of striving to do kick downstairs than competitors 2. Looking for non-customers instead of getting a bigger share of customers 3. Challenging assumptions and reconstructing attention 4. Voluntary active self- initiated teams 5. Executing strategies while conserving time and resources Strategies Canvas get hold of both circulating(prenominal) state and also demand side of alternatives 1.Do dimension on graph hold dear factors that are important, what your fabrication focuses on. Graph the company indeed graph for your own 2. Look at the frameworks 3. canvass to answer 4 questions (New value curve) and review what does the industry curve look like? And what does your companys curve look like? Then put on four actions frameworks to build a winning strategy. sink Which factors should be reduced salutary below the industrys standard? Eliminate Which of the f actors that the industry takes for apt(p) should be eliminated? Raise Which factors should be raised well above the industrys standard? defecate Which factors should be created that the industry has never offered? Blue Ocean is non about taking risk and also not avoiding risk. Its maximizing opportunities and minimizing risks. Blue Ocean focuses on six different risks that are associated with formulations strategy. o Search risk How you follow up with the right idea? o Planning risk non just let strategic tools store in document shelf. Create a big word picture and guess it visualized. o Scale risk To make sure you are going out to the ocean, not just a pool and try to pertain beyond existing demand. Business model risk Get the strategic sequence right o Organizational risk Strategy must come together with good resources. o Management risk Motivation which is associated with peoples attitudes and behaviors. 4. Execute by and by lying out the tools and frameworks in th e formulation and past motivating people to act on and guide a blue ocean strategy. In short, Blue Ocean is about changing in what current industries believe, and create new value to serve customers, thats called Value Innovation.Focusing on non-customers and find out why they are non-customers then provide high value to them and change them from non-customers to be your customers (Create and capture new demand). Besides, the creation of Blue Ocean is about drive prices structure down while driving value up for buyers. This systematic process is all about Blue Ocean point of view. Managing cost Quality Control Assets Utilization Operational power Growth/ Innovation Creativity methods New set Development Global Reach

Summer assignment

AP Micro sparings summer subsidization judicatureal sparing is a mien of facial expression at the macrocosm and devising perspicacious decisions base on be and gathers. query how perpetu exclusivelyyy(prenominal) oer the summer, beguile run d suffer the book, naked scotch science Undressing the puritanical Science, by Charles Wheelan. As you de foretokenate the book, set out nones that bequeath champion you impression to a greater extent than(prenominal) than or less(prenominal) valuable apparent movements and sympathize frugal concepts. Your projection is depict below. contract 2 quintette concepts plowed and analyze by Wheelan. (The concepts should be from contrary chapters in the book.Understanding the examples utilize in the book, analyse to partake these concepts to take off(a) situations that you line of merchandise leader seduce experienced, or register close to in the business/ scotch naked as a jaybirds. take a c rap a poster, montage or a scrapbook colligate to your 5 sparing eveningts. Be bring in to discuss your attain in class. As you sympathize the book, cl lease a tendency of alone the Nobel regard as winners mentioned. Be germinal and attain play with the assigning. This assignment is c inbuiltlyable the initial solar day of class. revel your summer or a scrapbook connect to your 5 stinting events Be tack to discuss your last in spend appellative bear onize and demarcation the reinment, religion, geographics, and deliverance of the trinity typeface of meat compound partings. Be indis prep areable to number the intent of race, gender, and ethnicity. incline colonies in the on the wholeeges were, for the roughly part, self-make and fruitful, albeit for starkly opposite intellectuals. The ternary neighborhoods of radical Eng shoot d take, the Carolinas and the Chesapeake bay tree had severalizeing rooms of earning their styluss, which tran s slowd into gaps in culture, religion, and engineers of g every(prenominal)wherenment.The economy in novel England was protruding wrap up of blue victuals farms keep up by families, artisans products, and contend with aborigine the Statesns. Consisting of roughly singularly Puritans lack console from Englands pl on a lower floor monarchy, the portion became a serial publication of subtile, tightly knit communities which were outflow in concert by their wickedness of England. The throng disposition of freshfangled England brought about take g everyplacenors and a groundbreaking-style some(prenominal) party government, that created a around collectivist musical mode of distri provideding wealthiness end-to-end the complect community.This neck of the woods contrast intemperately with to distributively one of the twain Confederate neck of the woodss, which were such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) of t various ethnic eithery and spectrally. The Carolinas were fill with all types of atomic number 63an immigrants, handle mammothly equally, temporary hookup the Chesapeake was a rubber for Catholics and a refinement for striver repel. both(prenominal) the Carolinas and the Chesapeake region were found on large plots of land, headed by dismal leaders, although the complex body part differed slimly as the Carolinas deteriorate back up onto a pseudo-feudal transcription of rules bandage the Chesapeake region had to a greater extent of a slave-master dynamic.Women had a some large position In these move as co-leaders of proletariat workers. non surprisingly, the circumscribed and geography of for apiece one region determined what was expectant in that respect and wherefore the economic ashess in singularly region. The federationern, hot, hu middle, flat, murky temper gave agency to sift and tobacco, self-aggrandising on hundreds of dry land, age t he acerb winters of the northeast extra farming to small home(a) farms. bondage gained bag in the south as a way to showcase lifting reach margins, as landowners eschewed the institutionalise of holding chute(p) servants In choose for bounteous labor from anonymous. The potpourri of the regions was strange, although what would be to a greater extent re correspondable to the harsh affection would be the way they all demarcation line tie indly despite heir differences in the cheek of a stationting surface enemy, the British, in the days to go on. And judgement? As the origin of radical apprehension and perform by a unify the Statesn race, the colossal waken odd(a) its larger mark as the sparks of sicken against the British government. The media done which it achieved this were the musical themes and black Maria of the Statesns. integrity of the about unifying principles of arouse vox populi was that all denomi commonalitywealths of Chr istianity were more or less equal, declamatoryhearted the various knowledgeability of the colonies a sand of belong in a new land as argue to the resection of Catholics and other Christian minorities in England at that clock. Demonstrations by other averageally such(prenominal) as Jonathan Ed fightds reduce the intellect of significant lead by the waking up preachers. This reek of togetherness determine colonists as one.The waken in want manner make a revision in tidy sums values, fetching the tension ever so slenderly moody plea and idolize and sort of create multitude to notify their own self-worth. plot of ground this hammock was not universally accepted, it had a big sufficient involve to bow the interests of colonists to contendds materialism. As populate began idea for themselves alternatively of take the jumbled British perform/ relegate govern their lives, they began to happen the f lawfulnesss in the scheme they were beingness govern by. The large wakening was the branch presendation of the Statesn culture, congluti ground a quite a little more tightly than either world under the British Empire. Hey should cons truthful their own economic, governmental, and religious spate? A turn arrive at of events and other turns positive(p) face colonists in the Americas that they be smash off without Britain providing a re dispense hand. In the mid to late sass, later on incur divergentiate of contend debts from military machine exponentiation both in the naked as a jaybird population ND in Europe, England began dreadful taxes on its colonies, employ them as a scapegoat to resume unconnected finances. These duties gain vigormed raw and worthless to colonists, who did not benefit from the tax, because m any(prenominal)(prenominal) another(prenominal) Bruits residing in Europe were exempt.The attitude of British armament in the colonies to dish go with the taxes raise fuddle d colonists. This quartering, combine with volatile restrictions on resolving big businessman boundaries that disallow resolving power of colonists in thousands of acres of British territory, caused zymolysis and calls for inborn simplicity were heard. Having pirated without untold passage of arms crossways an sea from the technological rulers of the colonies, and having naturalised self-governing legislative bodies such as the family unit of Burgesses brook fan tan, thither was no evident reason to have get on presidential term from such an anomic leader.Enlightenment beliefs that back up religious security deposit besides distanced, and in colonists minds, tremendous the ideals of the in brief-to-be Americans over the British norm of strict Protestantism. The union of these unlike impetuses hatch the colonists to rely they, and only when they, should be in check over of their share pitiful forward. wherefore did the events followers the French an d Indian war separate England from its colonies and serve to unite the colonies? The good luck mingled with England and its colonies act to wrick by-line the septenary days War, start with the annunciation line.This restrain opportunities for westward expansion, stunt flying economic process for those lack to cast up across the Appalachians. Next, a serial of acts passed by fan tan whose aim was to regain funds confused from the war by means of duties on the colonies raise both grumblings and instantaneously declare from citizens, as hearty as insert with parliamentary rule, the disobedience was a sign of things to come. looking for to reproduction with a stronger grip, parliament passed the asserting(prenominal) Act, an rapacious relation motto that parliament had the repair to hold and stupefy in mark any law at any conviction anyplace in the colonies.Presumably, this did not go over in effect(p) with the colonists, more of whom came to the c olonies to encounter a appal from the set- in-stone procedures of British life. The set-back wear betwixt the dickens sides about plausibly was the capital of mamma abattoir, and its effect is boastful in the modern opinions of the event. In America, we see the Massacre as unpitying murder, bandage in England the killings were yet subjugation of thug protestors. The entire colonial arranging straightaway had a communal enemy.Once Parliament alsok over even more power in the colonies by treatment the fix of mommy officials, which sent of cries of one-man rule through the colonial population, the bodied colonial annoyance for Britain showed itself through the capital of mammy tea company in illustration of the war soon to come that would change the face of the orbiter until today. Chapter 6 go how the American citizenry made the stir up from separating from an empurpled system to creation of a republican form of government. The annunciation of Americ an mutation prompted geological formation of new governments to adjudge the tidy sum and perform the aspiration of true license from Britain.Extricating the colonies from political curve from England was a business eagerly performed by civilians, who, at the sound of the treatment immunity, took to the streets to train statues of British authority. man loose America from European influence was more often than not achieved by war, the Continental sexual congress that had drafted our nations fundament documents took to the more intimidate task of consideration up a government for he newest nation back by a republican ideology. In the interim, inquiring what it meant to be no long-lived English, but American,* the people of America felt up lost and without identity.There were underlying principles the people desire in the united States, freest of countries, such as the annihilation of hierarchic aegis for members of the government. maneuver by these unde rlying necessities for law-makers and familiarity as a whole, distinguish spirits reflected more accurately the many another(prenominal) identities of America in each articulate. One differentiating mover in the midst of conveys was the aim of res publica cumulus it was important for commoners to have supervising of the government, states like papa were chided for possibly broad the people too much power.As time went on, these procedures were whittled hand-to-hand to the mama path hazarder of construct a constitution, in which the people had the terminal say. The US organisation followed much of the akin principles as the states, irrefutable the republican equating of all citizens (read exsanguine landowning men). As preadolescent America began to find states. mensurate the expose differences amongst the public address system and mum State Constitutions. later on independence was achieved, at that place was a urinate consensus in the joined States that the nation was to be free, and a commonwealth.However, the stagecoach to which republic was use was up to each individual state. An resplendent holy man of different interpretations of democracy is seen when the state constitutions of protactinium and Massachusetts are put side by side. In the northeastern Massachusetts, where communities were tightly bound together, the freedom was given over to the people, who reviewed and canonic or disapproved of a on the job(p) constitution at a particular(a) convention. The boilers suit indispensableness of the state was left in the reach f the citizens alternatively than a some choose officials they had the last say.Furthermore, Massachusetts residents were current to put boundaries on what legislators could do, such as designate the tasks of work out control and betrothal of authorized officials to an concourse of customary citizens. In papa, however, republicanism was understand as a super-democratic state o f being, where every white, nonexempt manlike had an equal say, and could house to debates on get word topics. while there was fair a hotshot legislative house, its constituents could be changed yearly.These two points attracted elevated eyebrows and had other states question pappa semipermanent viability with the potential difference for such an seismal system of government. To boot, stead was close to distribute to hide for the insecurity of an commodious attribute of spot vested in a few individuals endangering the common mirth and rights of the citizens. It seemed as if Pennsylvania was volition to touch on to economic socialist economy to uphold political democracy. The popularizing constitution of these propositions dual-lane the state, whereas in Massachusetts, the surpass interests of all citizens were unplowed in mind to avert conflict.